Because yeast has to work harder to make whole wheat flour rise, we’ll use slightly more yeast in this dough compared to my regular pizza dough recipe. You need 1 Tablespoon (8.5g).
From white to wheat, a baker’s guide Share
So, why do you want to bake with whole grains?
For some of us, it’s a desire to add fiber to our diet. For others, a lifestyle choice: avoiding heavily processed or refined foods – embracing “whole” foods.
Maybe you simply like the flavor of wheat. Or you’re trying to follow a healthier diet, which according to USDA dietary guidelines, means “Consume at least half of all grains as whole grains. Increase whole-grain intake by replacing refined grains with whole grains.”
Or perhaps you bought a bag of whole wheat flour because it was called for in a cookie recipe you wanted to try, and now you don’t know what to do with the rest of the bag…
Whatever the provenance of your desire to bake with whole grains – specifically, whole wheat – you’re probably not satisfied with simply following existing whole-grain recipes. You know, the ones in magazines like Real Simple, and Cooking Light.
It’s fine to try new whole-grain recipes every now and then; but what you’d really like to do is substitute whole wheat in some of your well-loved family favorites, making Anna’s Banana Bread or Gram’s Peanut Butter Blossoms or those Jordan Marsh Blueberry Muffins just a tad healthier.
Is it possible to do this – simply substitute whole wheat flour for the all-purpose (white) flour called for in your recipe-box recipes? Or is there some secret you don’t know – the need to increase liquid, decrease fat, wave your magic wand and spin around three times – in order to successfully convert a white flour recipe to whole wheat?
Thankfully, the process can be simpler than you think.
This post, the first in a guided series to substituting whole wheat for all-purpose (AP) flour, concentrates on the most challenging type of recipes to convert: yeast bread, rolls (including sweet rolls), and pizza.
But you know what? After lots of experimenting, I found a simple rule for substituting whole wheat with minimal change in the flavor, texture, and rise of your bread.
Here it is: in yeast recipes calling for all-purpose (white) flour, substitute King Arthur White Whole Wheat Flour for up to half the white flour, by volume. There’s no need to adjust any other ingredients. The result will be a loaf, roll, or pizza crust that rises nicely, has mildly “wheaty” flavor, and is a warm beige in color, rather than creamy white.
Bonus: youll be treating yourself to a nourishing blend of the vitamins and minerals found in enriched all-purpose flour; and the fiber and additional vitamins and minerals in whole wheat flour. The two flours complement one another wonderfully well, not just in flavor and performance, but in dietary benefits.
If you like this 50/50 result, try substituting a bit more whole wheat next time. If you don’t – substitute a bit less. But half and half – AP and whole wheat flours – is a good place to start.
Now, what about substituting whole wheat flour for 100% of the all-purpose – can you make a straight 1:1 switch?
Unless you’re willing to accept a loaf, roll, or crust that doesn’t rise as high, isn’t as light – then not a good idea.
BUT – there IS a way to use that straight 1:1 substitution, and turn white to 100% wheat, by making a few simple adjustments. More about that later.
OK, timeout. So, SO many of you have asked the following question, that I need to address it right now, before we go one step further:
Is white whole wheat really a whole-grain flour? Or is it a blend of white flour and whole wheat, or does it rely on some wacky type of processing to make it white, or…?
White whole wheat flour is 100% whole wheat – “nothing added, nothing taken away,” as we like to say here. It’s ground from white wheat berries rather than red wheat berries; but just as a red tulip and a white tulip are both tulips, red and white wheat are both wheat.
All-purpose flour on the left; white whole wheat in the center; traditional (red) whole wheat on the right.
And when you grind the entire berry of either wheat – red, or white – the result is 100% whole wheat flour. Period. Take it to the bank.
If you love traditional red whole wheat (King Arthur Whole Wheat Flour, in the dark brown bag), more power to you; use it in good health. It’ll “work” exactly like white whole wheat in your recipe.
Thats dough made with white whole wheat flour on the left; and the same recipe made with traditional (red) whole wheat flour on the right. Both are 100% whole wheat, but what a difference in color, eh?
But if you’re someone who’s not in love with the assertiveness of whole wheat flour, take my advice: try white whole wheat. Compared to red wheat, white wheat’s mouth feel, flavor, and look are much closer to that of white flour.
Now, let’s explore some of the experiments that brought me to these conclusions. In all cases, Im comparing the same recipe made using 100% all-purpose flour; 50% all-purpose and 50% white whole wheat; and 100% white whole wheat flour.
First up: a simple yeast batter bread, English Muffin Toasting Bread.
Im using this recipe in order to see how whole wheat will act in a yeast bread that doesnt call for any kneading.
To make this simple bread, I combine all the ingredients in a bowl and, using an electric mixer, beat at high speed for 1 minute. The resulting sticky dough/batter is scooped into a loaf pan.* After a single rise, its baked.
*I love using a 9″ x 4″ pain de mie pan for any bread recipe calling for an 8 1/2″ x 4 1/2″ loaf pan. The longer, narrower, deeper pan, with its straight (rather than slightly flared) shape, produces bread without the typical “mushroom” top – no getting stuck in the toaster!
The result? The 100% white flour loaf rises just a tad higher than the 50/50 combo, while the 100% whole wheat loaf is a distant third, rise-wise.
Im a bit surprised at this result. Why would the 100% whole wheat loaf be SO far behind the 50/50 loaf?
Thankfully, as the experiments continue, I figure out the answer.
For my next loaf, I want an old family recipe, a tried-and-true white bread. I know many of you cherish your family recipes; lets see what happens when we substitute whole wheat flour in an older recipe, one clearly written for white flour.
How many of you have recipes like this? Written in India ink on a yellowing card, stuffed in a worn cardboard box, this is my grandmothers recipe for the bread she made week after week, year after year, to feed her family – 7 kids and husband.
Clearly she didnt need a lot of direction!
But I did. It took me awhile to figure out, but eventually I used this skeleton to write myself a “real” recipe.
Remember: Im using 100% AP (white) flour; a 50/50 blend; and 100% whole wheat flour. All three rise similarly through their first rise (on the baking sheet). And even the second rise doesnt produce huge differences…
…though you can see the AP loaf (left) is clearly taller than either the 50/50 or whole wheat loaves.
…the 100% AP loaf stands tallest – by a hair (crumb), over the 50/50 loaf.
The 100% whole wheat loaf wasnt too bad, though; a bit shorter, a bit denser, and it took longer to bake. Which is a good thing to remember: the denser/shorter the loaf, the longer itll take to bake all the way through.
Next, lets sweeten things up a bit. How will a typical cinnamon roll or sticky bun turn out if I simply substitute whole wheat flour for all-purpose, without making any adjustments in the other ingredients?
Remember, this is all about simplicity; I want to figure out when you can successfully make a straight 1:1 switch with all-purpose and whole wheat; and when you can do so only by tweaking the recipe.
Our Cinna-Buns recipe is the quintessential breakfast sweet roll.
Lets see what happens using a straight 1:1 switch.
This rich dough, with its egg, milk, and sugar, is a fairly slow riser.
And the whole wheat dough seems stiff. It isnt rising quite as well as the AP and 50/50 doughs – which makes sense. Whole wheat, with its coarser grind and bran, takes longer to absorb liquid than AP flour. But once it does, it absorbs more. The same amount of water used in both an all-purpose flour and whole wheat flour bread recipe will yield whole wheat dough thats stiffer than AP dough.
But lets continue with the rolls, and see what happens.
Uh-oh. While the AP (left) and 50/50 (bottom right) rolls are rising nicely, the 100% whole wheat rolls are lagging far behind.
And the resulting 100% whole wheat buns – not up to snuff. Dense and stiff compared to the AP rolls, I need to throw these to the birds.
OK, Im going to stop for a moment, and consider what I know about yeast dough.
Generally speaking, the stiffer and drier the yeast dough, the less it will rise. The CO2 produced by yeast has an easier time expanding the elastic network of gluten in which its trapped when the dough contains more liquid.
Think of swimming upwards through water, vs. digging your way out of hard-packed dirt – get the picture?
What if I increase the amount of liquid in the 100% whole wheat dough, to give it the same soft, elastic consistency as the AP dough?
At the same time, Ill give the whole wheat dough 20 to 30 minutes to absorb the liquid before kneading; this should make the dough easier to work with, and prevent me from adding too much additional flour.
Lets try these Cinna-Buns again.
And this time, just to throw another variable into the mix, lets test traditional (red) whole wheat flour against white whole wheat.
I make the dough again, adding 2 teaspoons additional milk for each cup of whole wheat flour in each of the 100% whole wheat recipes.
I also let the whole wheat doughs rest for 25 minutes before kneading.
I knead the doughs, let them rise, and shape them into buns.
And after 90 minutes rising in the pan…
Thats AP flour, bottom left; 100% white wheat, center; and traditional (red) wheat, bottom right. All three are rising nicely.
And after baking, you cant see a difference in height or texture.
Only the buns color gives them away: thats traditional whole wheat in front; white whole wheat in the center, and all-purpose flour in back.
OK, now that I know the secret to turning a white flour bread recipe into high-rising 100% whole wheat bread, lets test it on another old favorite: Amish Dinner Rolls.
This moist, dense potato roll recipe has been on our site for years, undergoing several changes along the way.
Substituting butter for lard, for instance – which gives you an idea of this recipes vintage.
Using what Ive learned about increasing the amount of liquid, and giving the dough a rest before kneading, will I make high-rising dinner rolls first time out of the gate?
The dough looks good. It feels good, too; all three doughs (all-purpose, 50/50, and 100% white wheat) are soft and supple.
Shape rolls, nestle in pans. Apply elastic shower caps, for rising. (What, you dont know the Secret Life of Shower Caps – doubling as dough-rising covers?)
Nice rise… nice bake…
While the late afternoon light paints a rather deceiving picture, kind of washing out the colors, thats 100% white wheat, bottom left; all-purpose, top; and 50/50, bottom right.
All three rolls have risen nicely, and have great, light/soft texture.
And, finally – lets try some pizza dough.
Since Im working on the second installment of my “Americas Love Affair with Pizza” series concurrently with this post, I choose the basic pizza dough recipe from Wolfgang Pucks Pizza, Pasta, and More!
Again: all-purpose on the left, 50/50 in the center, 100% white whole wheat on the right.
Notice how rough the dough is in the first shot (top left); all Ive done at this point is mix the ingredients together, without kneading. Right after I take the shot, I knead the AP dough; then the 50/50; then, finally, the 100% white wheat, which gives this last dough its requisite 25 minutes rest.
They all rise nicely. I divide them in half, to make two 8″ pizzas each.
Puck notes that the dough can be used right away; or refrigerated overnight before shaping and baking. So I try that experiment, too.
The result? I dont see a textural difference between using the dough immediately, or chilling it. There is, however, one difference in the all-purpose crust: the chilled dough is slightly more flavorful, due to lactic and organic acids produced overnight by the growing yeast.
I cant taste that same difference in the whole wheat doughs; I can only assume the flavor of wheat overrides the subtle flavors produced by the yeast.
Heres the dough Im using right away. I shape it, give it a short (30-minute) rise, and brush it with olive oil, per Pucks instructions…
Over-bake, actually. I mean to par-bake these, then add the toppings, then finish baking. But I misjudge how fast pizza crust can bake on a pizza stone in a 450°F oven.
Anyway, here are the results: top to bottom, 100% whole wheat, 50/50, all-purpose.
Continuing to experiment with the amount of liquid necessary to make the highest-rising 100% whole wheat crust, I try adding slightly less additional water to the pizza crust than I do to the Amish roll dough. And theres a difference: the 100% whole wheat crust (top) isnt as light as the AP crust (bottom).
I do one final experiment, making the 100% whole wheat crust again, and upping the amount of water. And this time, the resulting crust is just as light as the AP crust.
Now, back to those original over-baked crusts. Once I turn them all into finished pizzas, theyre not bad. Though why Im so cheap with the pepperoni, I dont know – since its low-fat turkey pepperoni, I definitely can (and should have) applied it more generously!
One final shot: AP crust on the bottom, 50/50 on top. As you can see, the 50/50 crust is a warmer color, and rises just slightly less than the AP crust.
And there you have it: its perfectly feasible to substitute whole wheat flour for all-purpose flour in your favorite yeast recipes. To summarize:
- White whole wheat flour yields a lighter-colored, milder-flavored bread than traditional (red) whole wheat flour.
- When whole wheat flour is used up to 50/50 with all-purpose flour, there’s no need to make a change in your favorite white-flour yeast recipe – the result should be quite similar to the original.
- When whole wheat flour is substituted 100% for the white flour in a favorite recipe, allow the dough to rest for 20 to 30 minutes before kneading.
- When whole wheat flour is substituted 100% for the white flour, adjust the dough consistency by adding 2 teaspoons additional liquid per cup of whole wheat flour used, to start. After giving the dough a rest, start to knead; if it begins to feel overly dry and stiff, add more liquid, enough to make a smooth, supple dough. Note: In high hydration recipes, those making a very soft, sticky dough (e.g., ciabatta), start by following the recipe as written, without using additional water. Add more water only if necessary to produce the dough consistency described in the recipe.
Oh, and another thing: when baking with whole wheat flour, I often substitute orange juice for part of the liquid called for in the recipe. Why? While it doesnt lend any flavor of its own, orange juice (used in small amounts) seems to temper the sometimes assertive flavor of whole wheat.
In addition, yeast loves an acidic environment, which orange juice helps create. A good rule of thumb is 1/4 cup OJ substituted for 1/4 cup of the water or milk in a recipe using 3 cups of whole wheat flour.
Finally, one last bit of advice: be sensible. Substituting whole wheat for 100% of the white flour in your favorite brioche, or challah, or croissant recipe, even if you add liquid, isnt going to create a light and tender, highest-rising, buttery, delicious brioche, or challah, or croissant. Itll be whole wheat – with all of whole wheats inherent characteristics: darker color, stronger flavor, a less-smooth mouth feel.
When baking with whole wheat, its best to understand the limits of any particular recipe, and manage your expectations. That said – I was never a particular fan of whole wheat, but after a weeks worth of baking with it, Ive gained new appreciation for its versatility, its ability to slip fairly seamlessly into white flour recipes – and even its flavor!
Whats been your experience baking with whole wheat flour? Share your thoughts in comments, below.
Interested in purchasing King Arthur flours, including white whole wheat, at a store near you? Check out our store locator. Share
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FAQ
Does whole wheat flour require more yeast for bread?
Does whole wheat flour take longer to rise?
How do you make whole wheat bread rise higher?
Does whole wheat flour need more kneading?
Can you add whole wheat to yeast bread?
Many of you love to take a favorite yeast bread recipe and make it more nutritious by adding whole wheat (or rye, or oats, or bran, or) That’s fine; but those flours and grains don’t provide the stretchy network of gluten all-purpose flour does, and thus these whole grain loaves won’t rise as well.
Is it good to have wheat bread?
Yes, it is good to have wheat bread. Whole grains keep the entire grain intact, including the germ, endosperm and the bran. The bran is the harder outer layer which is high in fiber. Whole wheat is high in fiber and considered more nutritious than refined grains. Whole wheat have been linked to numerous health benefits, including a decrease risk of type 2 diabetes, heart disease and certain cancers. Whole wheat bread made from 100% whole wheat flour is higher in fiber, vitamins and minerals than breads made from refined wheat.
Does whole wheat flour ferment faster than white flour?
All other things being equal, a dough made with whole wheat flour will ferment faster than one made of white flour. The reason for this is simple: whole wheat flour contains more nutrients for the yeast to feed on than white flour. If you are not prepared for this it is easy to over ferment your dough.
Why is my whole wheat dough so hard to rise?
The truth is that getting a whole wheat dough to rise properly can be a little tricky and the more whole wheat you use in your dough the more difficult it becomes. This problem occurs due to the bran and germ that is present in whole wheat flour.